Valentine M. Moghadam is Professor of Sociology and International Affairs at Northeastern University, where she researches globalization; transnational social movements and networks; economic citizenship; and gender, development, and women’s movements in the Middle East and North Africa. Her books include Modernizing Women: Gender and Social Change in the Middle East, the award-winning Globalizing Women: Transnational Feminist Networks, and Globalization and Social Movements: Islamism, Feminism, and the Global Justice Movement. She holds a PhD in sociology from American University.